Generic Name: Natalizumab
Class: Biologic Response Modifiers
VA Class: IM700
Chemical Name: Disulfide with human-mouse monoclonal AN100226 light chain immunoglobulin G 4 (human-mouse monoclonal AN100226 4-chain anti-human integrin 4) dimer
CAS Number: 189261-10-7
Special Alerts:
[UPDATED Posted 04/22/2011] FDA has updated the natalizumab (Tysabri) Prescribing Information to give new information about the size of the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare but serious brain infection, associated with use of natalizumab for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn's disease. The update includes new safety information about patients who have taken other drugs that suppress the immune system, who may be at a higher risk for PML. Natalizumab, in a class of medications called immunomodulators, has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis since November 2004 and for the treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn's disease since January 2008. The revised label includes a table summarizing rates of PML with natalizumab use according to the number of infusions (how long the drug is taken or duration of exposure) and information on a newly identified PML risk factor. For more information visit the FDA website at: and .
REMS:
FDA approved a REMS for natalizumab to ensure that the benefits of a drug outweigh the risks. The REMS may apply to one or more preparations of natalizumab and consists of the following: medication guide, elements to assure safe use, and implementation system. See the FDA REMS page () or the ASHP REMS Resource Center ().
Increased risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic viral infection of the brain; usually leads to death or severe disability.1 13 14 15 16 (See Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy under Cautions.)
PML cases reported in patients receiving natalizumab who were recently or concomitantly treated with immunomodulators or immunosuppressants, as well as in patients receiving natalizumab monotherapy.1
Because of risk of PML, available only through a restricted distribution program (TOUCH Prescribing Program).1 2 3 (See Restricted Distribution Program under Dosage and Administration.)
Monitor patients during therapy for any new signs or symptoms suggestive of PML; immediately withhold the drug at first such sign or symptom.1
For diagnosis of PML, an evaluation that includes a gadolinium-enhanced MRI brain scan and, when indicated, CSF analysis for JC viral DNA recommended.1
Introduction
Biologic response modifier; a recombinant humanized anti-α4-integrin monoclonal antibody.1
Uses for Tysabri
Pending revision, the material in this section should be considered in light of more recently available information in the MedWatch notification at the beginning of this monograph.
Multiple Sclerosis
Treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS).1 Used as monotherapy to delay accumulation of physical disability and reduce frequency of clinical exacerbations.1
Safety and efficacy in patients with chronic progressive MS not established.1
Safety in conjunction with other biologic response modifiers used in treatment of MS (e.g., glatiramer acetate, interferon beta-1a) not established.1 8 13 25
Safety and efficacy for long-term use (i.e., >2 years) not established.1
Because of risk of PML, generally recommended only in patients who have had an inadequate response to or are unable to tolerate other MS therapies.1 (See Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy under Cautions.) In addition, available only through restricted distribution program.1 2 3 (See Restricted Distribution Program under Dosage and Administration.)
Crohn's Disease
Used to induce and maintain clinical response and remission in adults with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease with evidence of inflammation who have had an inadequate response to or who do not tolerate conventional therapies and inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor (TNF; TNF-α).1 21 22 23 24 26 28
Do not use in combination with immunosuppressants (e.g., mercaptopurine, azathioprine, cyclosporine, methotrexate) or TNF inhibitors in patients with Crohn's disease, because of potential for increased risk of PML and other infections. (See Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy under Cautions and see Immunosuppression and Infectious Complications under Cautions.)1
Aminosalicylates may be used in patients receiving natalizumab.1
Tysabri Dosage and Administration
Administration
Restricted Distribution Program
Because of risk of PML (see Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy under Cautions.), available only through a restricted distribution program (TOUCH Prescribing Program).1 2 3
Clinicians, pharmacies, infusion centers, and patients must be registered with and meet all conditions of TOUCH program before they can prescribe, dispense, infuse, or receive natalizumab.1 2 3
TOUCH program was designed to assess the risk of PML associated with the drug, minimize risk of PML, minimize death and disability due to PML, and promote informed risk versus benefit decisions regarding use of the drug.3
Information about TOUCH program available at 800-456-2255 or .1 2
IV Administration
Administer by IV infusion.1 Do not administer by rapid IV injection.1
Vials are for single use only.1
Do not infuse or admix with any other drug.1
Use of filtration devices during IV infusion not evaluated.1
Allow solution to warm to room temperature prior to administration.1
Following completion of infusion, flush infusion set with 0.9% sodium chloride injection.1
Observe patients closely for signs or symptoms of hypersensitivity or infusion-related reactions during and for 1 hour after the IV infusion.1 (See Acute Infusion Reactions under Cautions.)
Dilution
Use strict aseptic technique since drug product contains no preservatives.1
The concentrate for injection containing 300 mg/15 mL must be diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride prior to IV infusion.1 Do not use other IV diluents.1
Withdraw 15 mL of the concentrate from a single-use vial and add to 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection.1 Gently invert diluted solution to mix completely; do not shake.1
Rate of Administration
Administer IV infusions over approximately 1 hour.1
Dosage
Pending revision, the material in this section should be considered in light of more recently available information in the MedWatch notification at the beginning of this monograph.
Adults
Relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis
IV
300 mg once every 4 weeks.1
Efficacy for long-term use (i.e., >2 years) not established.1
Crohn's Disease
IV
300 mg once every 4 weeks.1
In patients receiving chronic oral corticosteroid therapy, start tapering corticosteroid dosage as soon as a therapeutic benefit of natalizumab occurs.1 Discontinue natalizumab if patient cannot be tapered off oral corticosteroids within 6 months of initiating natalizumab.1 Consider discontinuing natalizumab in patients who require additional corticosteroid use that exceeds 3 months in a calendar year to control Crohn's disease other than the 6-month corticosteroid taper.1
Discontinue natalizumab if no therapeutic benefit is evident by 12 weeks of therapy.1
Prescribing Limits
Adults
Relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis
IV
Safety of doses >300 mg not adequately evaluated; maximum safe dosage not determined.1
Special Populations
No special population recommendations at this time.1
Cautions for Tysabri
Contraindications
Known hypersensitivity to natalizumab or any ingredient in the formulation.1
Current or previous history of PML.1 (See Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy under Cautions.)
Warnings/Precautions
Warnings
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Pending revision, the material in this section should be considered in light of more recently available information in the MedWatch notification at the beginning of this monograph.
PML, an opportunistic viral infection of the brain, reported in patients receiving natalizumab.1 13 14 15 16 32 34
PML is caused by the JC virus, typically occurs in immunocompromised patients (e.g., patients with HIV infection), and usually leads to death or severe disability.1 14 15 16 32 34
Estimated absolute risk for PML is 1 in 1000 patients.15 32 34
Risk of developing PML increases with the number of infusions received.1 32 34
Risk of developing PML also increased in patients who have received prior immunosuppressive therapy, regardless of natalizumab treatment duration.1 32
PML has been reported in patients receiving natalizumab who were recently or concomitantly treated with immunomodulators or immunosuppressants (i.e., interferon beta-1a in MS patients, infliximab and azathioprine in Crohn’s patients) and also has been reported in patients receiving natalizumab without concomitant immunomodulatory drugs.1 27
Do not use in patients receiving chronic immunosuppressant or immunomodulatory therapy or in those with systemic medical conditions that result in compromised immune systems.1 (See Specific Drugs under Interactions.)
Interventions that can reliably prevent or adequately treat PML not known; also not known whether early detection of PML and discontinuance of drug will mitigate the disease.1
Monitor patients for any new signs or symptoms suggestive of PML (i.e., progressive weakness on one side of the body; clumsiness of limbs; disturbance of vision; changes in thinking, memory, and orientation leading to confusion and personality changes);1 seizures and headache also reported rarely.32 33 36 The progression of deficits usually leads to death or severe disability over weeks or months.1 Withhold the drug immediately at the first such signs or symptoms.1
For diagnosis of PML, an evaluation that includes a gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scan and, when indicated, CSF analysis for JC viral DNA recommended.1 If clinical suspicion remains despite an initial negative evaluation for PML, do not reinitiate natalizumab until the evaluation has been repeated and confirmed.1
Prior to initiating natalizumab in patients with MS, perform baseline MRI scan since this may help differentiate subsequent MS symptoms from PML.1
A baseline brain MRI scan may be useful in patients with Crohn's disease to distinguish preexisting lesions from newly developed lesions.1 Baseline brain lesions that could cause diagnostic difficulty in patients with Crohn's disease while on natalizumab treatment are uncommon.1
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) has been reported in the majority of natalizumab-treated patients who discontinued the drug after developing PML;1 32 IRIS not reported to date when natalizumab discontinued for reasons unrelated to PML.1 32
IRIS is a severe inflammatory response occurring during or after immune system recovery; usually presents as clinical decline (sometimes after apparent clinical improvement) and may progress rapidly, leading to serious neurologic complications or death.1 32 34 36 In MS patients with PML who developed IRIS after discontinuing natalizumab, IRIS generally developed within days to several weeks after the patient received plasma exchange or immunoadsorption to enhance natalizumab removal.1 32 34
Monitor patients for development of IRIS; if IRIS occurs, treat the associated inflammation as appropriate (e.g., corticosteroids).1 32 34 36
Promptly report any case of PML, serious opportunistic infection, atypical infection, or death to Biogen Idec at 800-456-2255 and to FDA’s MedWatch program at 800-332-1088.1 3 32
Sensitivity Reactions
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Serious hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis/anaphylactoid reaction) reported in <1% of patients;1 10 11 usually occurred within 2 hours after initiation of IV infusion and generally associated with antibodies to the drug.1 (See Antibody Formation under Cautions.)
If hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis, urticaria, dizziness, fever, rash, rigors, pruritus, nausea, flushing, hypotension, dyspnea, chest pain) occur, discontinue immediately and initiate appropriate therapy.1
Do not reinitiate in any patient who experienced a hypersensitivity reaction to the drug.1
Consider possibility of anti-natalizumab antibodies in patients who have hypersensitivity reactions.1
Antibody Formation
Antibodies to natalizumab may develop.1 10
Antibodies against natalizumab may be neutralizing and persistent antibody-positivity may be associated with decreased natalizumab serum concentrations, decreased efficacy, increased rate of myalgia, hypertension, dyspnea, anxiety and tachycardia, and increased risk of infusion-related reactions.1 (See Acute Infusion Reactions under Cautions.)
Long-term immunogenicity remains to be determined; effects of low to moderate levels of antibodies against natalizumab not known.1 Experience with monoclonal antibodies (e.g., natalizumab) suggests that patients who receive therapeutic antibodies after an extended period without such treatment may be at higher risk of hypersensitivity reactions than patients who receive regularly scheduled treatment; not known if this will occur with natalizumab.1
Consider testing for presence of antibodies to natalizumab in patients who wish to resume treatment following an interruption in therapy.1 Patients who have tested negative for antibodies against natalizumab prior to retreatment have a risk of antibody development with retreatment that is similar to natalizumab-naive patients.1
Perform sequential antibody testing if presence of persistent antibodies suspected.1 Antibodies detected early in treatment course (e.g., within first 6 months) may be transient and disappear with continued use; repeat testing at 3 months after initial positive result to confirm persistent antibodies.1
Consider overall benefits and risks of the drug in patients who have persistent antibodies.1
General Precautions
Acute Infusion Reactions
Possible infusion-related reactions within 2 hours after initiation of infusion in patients with MS1 10 or Crohn's disease.1
In patients with MS, headache, dizziness, fatigue, urticaria, pruritus, and rigors reported more frequently in patients receiving the drug compared with those receiving placebo, while in patients with Crohn's disease, headache, nausea, urticaria, pruritus, and flushing reported more frequently in patients receiving the drug compared with those receiving placebo.1
Most reactions were treated symptomatically; patients recovered with such treatment and/or discontinuance of the infusion.1 10
Infusion-related reactions reported more frequently in patients persistently positive for anti-natalizumab antibodies.1 (See Antibody Formation under Cautions.) Infusion-related reactions usually associated with persistent antibody-positivity include urticaria, rigors, nausea, vomiting, headache, flushing, dizziness, pruritus, tremor, feeling cold, and pyrexia.1
Immunosuppression and Infectious Complications
Possible increased risk of infections, including opportunistic infections.1
PML, an opportunistic viral infection of the brain that usually is fatal or associated with severe disability, reported in patients receiving natalizumab.1 (See Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy under Cautions.)
Pneumonia (sometimes severe), urinary tract infections (sometimes severe), influenza, gastroenteritis, vaginal infections, tooth infections, tonsillitis or pharyngitis, and herpes infections reported in MS patients.1 10 Most infections were mild to moderate10 and did not require interruption of therapy.1 10 At least 1 case of cryptosporidial gastroenteritis with a prolonged course reported in an MS patient receiving natalizumab.1
Increased incidence of infections observed in patients receiving short courses of corticosteroids concomitantly with natalizumab; however, incidence in those receiving corticosteroids concomitantly with placebo was similar.1
Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly P. carinii) pneumonia, pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections, bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and Burkholderia cepacia infection reported rarely in patients with Crohn’s disease.1 Increased incidence of infection observed in those receiving corticosteroids concomitantly with natalizumab; however, incidence in those receiving corticosteroids concomitantly with placebo was similar.1
Herpes encephalitis (resulting in death) and herpes meningitis reported in postmarketing experience in patients with MS.1
Concomitant use of natalizumab and antineoplastic agents, immunosuppressive agents, or immunomodulating agents may further increase risk of infections, including PML and other opportunistic infections.1 Safety and efficacy of natalizumab in combination with antineoplastic agents, immunosuppressive agents, or immunomodulating agents not established.1 (See Specific Drugs under Interactions.)
Hepatotoxicity
Clinically important liver dysfunction (e.g., elevated hepatic enzymes, elevated total bilirubin) reported as early as 6 days after administration of the first dose of natalizumab and also after multiple doses.1 30 Liver dysfunction may recur upon rechallenge indicating that natalizumab caused the injury.1
Elevated transaminase levels together with elevated bilirubin (without evidence of obstruction) generally is recognized as an important predictor of severe liver injury that may lead to death or the need for liver transplantation.1 30
Discontinue natalizumab in patients with jaundice or other evidence of clinically important liver injury (e.g., laboratory evidence).1 30
Hematologic Effects
Reversible increases in circulating lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and nucleated red blood cells reported; increases usually persisted during treatment but returned to baseline within 16 weeks after last dose.1 10 11 Increases in neutrophil counts not reported.1 10 11
Mild, transient decreases in hemoglobin levels reported.1
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Category C.1 Pregnancy registry at 800-456-2255.1
Lactation
Natalizumab is distributed into milk;1 potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants.1 Discontinue nursing or the drug.1
Pediatric Use
Safety and efficacy not established in patients <18 years of age with MS or Crohn's disease.1 Not indicated for use in pediatric patients.1
Geriatric Use
Insufficient experience in patients ≥65 years of age to determine whether geriatric patients respond differently than younger adults.1
Hepatic Impairment
Clinically important liver dysfunction reported in patients receiving natalizumab.1 (See Hepatotoxicity under Cautions.)
Renal Impairment
Not studied in patients with renal impairment.1
Common Adverse Effects
Patients with MS: Headache,1 fatigue,1 infusion-related reactions,1 arthralgia or extremity pain,1 depression,1 lower respiratory or urinary tract infections,1 gastroenteritis,1 rash,1 vaginitis,1 abdominal discomfort,1 diarrhea.1
Patients with Crohn's disease: Headache,1 fatigue,1 upper respiratory infection,1 nausea.1
Interactions for Tysabri
Specific Drugs
Drug | Interaction | Comments |
|---|---|---|
Corticosteroids | Increased incidence of infection1 | |
Immunosuppressive agents (e.g., azathioprine, cyclosporine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate) and TNF inhibitors | Potential for increased risk of PML and other infections 1 | Do not use concomitantly in patients with Crohn's disease1 Generally avoid natalizumab use in patients with MS receiving chronic immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapy1 |
Interferon beta | Potential increased natalizumab serum concentrations and half-life; no apparent effect on interferon beta-1a pharmacokinetics8 | Pharmacokinetic interaction may not be clinically important8 Safety of concomitant interferon beta not established1 |
Vaccines | Data not available on effects of vaccination, including secondary transmission of infection from live viral vaccines, in patients receiving natalizumab1 |
Tysabri Pharmacokinetics
Elimination
Half-life
Mean half-life is 11 days.1
Special Populations
Clearance increases with body weight in less than proportional manner.1
Presence of persistent anti-natalizumab antibodies appears to increase drug clearance approximately threefold.1 (See Antibody Formation under Cautions.)
Stability
Storage
Parenteral
Concentrate for IV Infusion
2–8°C; protect from light.1 Do not shake or freeze.1
Following dilution, infuse immediately or refrigerate at 2–8°C and use within 8 hours.1 Do not freeze diluted solution.1
Compatibility
For information on systemic interactions resulting from concomitant use, see Interactions.
Parenteral
Solution Compatibility
Compatible |
|---|
Sodium chloride 0.9% |
Actions
Mechanism of action in MS not fully elucidated; may involve blockade of α4β1 integrin-mediated leukocyte migration from peripheral blood into CNS.1 5 18
Binds specifically to α4-subunits of α4β1 and α4β7 integrins expressed on the surface of all leukocytes (except neutrophils) and inhibits α4-mediated adhesion of leukocytes to their counterreceptors, including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1).1 5
May also block α4-mediated cell binding to ligands such as osteopontin and CS-1 of fibronectin.1
In Crohn's disease, interaction of α4β7 integrin with the endothelial receptor mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) implicated as an important contributor to the chronic inflammation of the disease.1 MAdCAM-1 expression found to be increased at active sites of inflammation suggesting that it may play a role in the recruitment of leukocytes to mucosa and contribute to the inflammatory response characteristic of the disease.1
Mechanism of action in Crohn's disease not fully elucidated; may involve blockade of the interaction of α4β7 integrin receptor with MAdCAM-1 expressed on the vascular endothelium at inflammatory foci.1
Advice to Patients
Importance of patients being counseled on and understanding the benefits and risks of natalizumab before the initial prescription is written.1
Provide natalizumab medication guide to the patient; importance of patient reading the medication guide prior to initiating natalizumab therapy and before each dose of the drug.1 4
Importance of promptly informing clinicians of any new or worsening symptoms that persist over several days.1
Advise patients that they will need to be evaluated by their prescriber at 3 and 6 months after the first natalizumab infusion and at least once every 6 months during therapy.1
Importance of informing patients that PML has occurred in patients treated with natalizumab and that PML usually leads to death or severe disability over weeks or months.1 Patients must understand the signs and symptoms and risk of PML and contact their clinician if they develop any symptoms of PML.1
Importance of promptly informing clinicians of any new or worsening symptoms suggestive of PML (e.g., progressive weakness on one side of the body; clumsiness of limbs; disturbance of vision; changes in thinking, memory, personality, orientation leading to confusion) that have progressed over days to weeks.1 4
Importance of patients informing all their clinicians that they are receiving natalizumab.1 4
Importance of discontinuing natalizumab and reporting any symptoms consistent with a hypersensitivity reaction (e.g., urticaria, pruritus, difficulty breathing) that occur during or following IV infusion of the drug.1 4
Importance of informing patients that natalizumab may increase risk of infection and of informing clinicians if fever or infection (including shingles or any unusually long-lasting infection) occurs.1 4
Risk of liver injury; importance of contacting clinician if symptoms of hepatotoxicity develop.1
Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs, and any concomitant illnesses.1 4
Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.1 4
Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information.1 4 (See Cautions.)
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
Natalizumab available only through a restricted distribution program (TOUCH Prescribing Program).1 (See Restricted Distribution Program under Dosage and Administration.)
Routes | Dosage Forms | Strengths | Brand Names | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Parenteral | For injection, concentrate, for IV infusion only | 300 mg/15 mL | Tysabri | Elan |
Disclaimer
This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.
AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2011, Selected Revisions October 27, 2011. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
References
1. Biogen Idec. Tysabri (natalizumab) prescribing information. Cambridge, MA; 2010 July
2. Food and Drug Administration. Questions and Answers on natalizumab (marketed as Tysabri). From the FDA website. Accessed 2006 Jul 6.
3. Food and Drug Administration. Tysabri risk minimization action plan: summary of Touch. From FDA website. Accessed 2006 Jul 6.
4. Biogen Idec. Tysabri (natalizumab) medication guide. Cambridge, MA; 2010 July
5. Anon. Natalizumab: AN 100226, anti-4alpha integrin monoclonal antibody. Drugs R&D. 2004; 5: 102-7.
6. Goodin DS. The return of natalizumab: weighing benefit against risk. Lancet. 2006; 5:375-7.
7. Goodin DS, Frohman EM, Garmany GP Jr et al. Disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the MS council for clinical practice guidelines. Neurology. 2002; 58:169-178. [IDIS 475332] [PubMed 11805241]
8. Vollmer TL, Phillips JT, Goodman AD et al. An open-label safety and drug interaction study of natalizumab (Antegren) in combination with interferon-beta (Avonex) in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2004; 10:511-20. [PubMed 15471366]
9. Rice GP, Hartung HP, Calabresi PA. Anti-α4 integrin therapy for multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and rationale. Neurology. 2005; 64:1336-42. [PubMed 15851719]
10. Polman CH, O’Connor PW, Havrdova E et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354:899-910. [PubMed 16510744]
11. Miller DH, Khan OA, Sheremata WA et al. A controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348:15-23. [PubMed 12510038]
12. O’Connor PW, Goodman A, Willmer-Hulme AJ et al. Randomized multicenter trial of natalizumab in acute MS relapses: clinical and MRI effects. Neurology. 2004; 62:2038-43. [PubMed 15184611]
13. Rudick RA, Stuart WH, Calabresi PA et al. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354:911-23. [PubMed 16510745]
14. Langer-Gould A, Atlas SW, Green AJ et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353:375-81. [PubMed 15947078]
15. Yousry TA, Major EO, Ryschkewitsch C et al. Evaluation of patients treated with natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354:924-33. [PubMed 16510746]
16. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Tyler KL. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353:369-74. [PubMed 15947079]
17. Van Assche G, Van Ranst M, Sciot R et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab therapy for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353:362-8. [PubMed 15947080]
18. Niino M, Bodner C, Simard ML et al. Natalizumab effects on immune cell responses in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2006; 59:748-54. [PubMed 16634035]
19. Stuve O, Marra CM, Jerome KR et al. Immune surveillance in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Ann Neurol. 2006; 59:743-7. [PubMed 16634029]
20. Food and Drug Administration. Natalizumab in combination with glatiramer acetate (GA) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. From FDA clinical trials website. Accessed 2006 July 10.
21. Gordon FH, Lai CWY, Hamilton MI et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of a humanized monoclonal antibody to α4 integrin in active Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2001; 121:268-74. [PubMed 11487536]
22. Ghosh S, Goldin E, Gordon FH et al. Natalizumab for active Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348:24-32. [IDIS 491214] [PubMed 12510039]
23. Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, Enns R et al. Natalizumab induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353:1912-5. [PubMed 16267322]
24. MacDonald JK, McDonald JWD. Natalizumab for induction of remission of Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; 3:CD006097.
25. Biogen Idec, San Diego, CA and Cambridge, MA: Personal communication.
26. Targan SR, Feagan BG, Fedorak RN et al. Natalizumab for the treatment of active Crohn's disease: results of the ENCORE trial. Gastroenterology. 2007; 132:1672-83. [PubMed 17484865]
27. Food and Drug Administration. Information for Healthcare Professionals: Natalizumab injection for intravenous use (marketed as Tysabri). 2008 Aug. From FDA website.
28. Food and Drug Administration. Natalizumab (Tysabri) for Crohn's Disease (CD) briefing book. 2007 Jun 21. From FDA website.
29. Food and Drug Administration. FDA news. FDA approves Tysabri to treat moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease. 2008 Jan 14. From FDA website.
30. Food and Drug Administration. MedWatch: 2008 safety information alerts. Tysabri (natalizumab). 2008 Feb. From FDA website.
31. Best WR, Becktel JM, Singleton JW et al. Development of a Crohn’s disease activity index: National Cooperative Crohn’s Disease Study. Gastroenterology. 1976; 70:439-44 [PubMed 1248701]
32. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Risk of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) with the use of Tysabri (natalizumab). 2010 Feb. From FDA website.
33. Foley J. Recommendations for the selection, treatment, and management of patients utilizing natalizumab therapy for multiple sclerosis. Am J Manag Care. 2010; 16(6 Suppl):S178-83. [PubMed 20615054]
34. Clifford DB, De Luca A, DeLuca A et al. Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: lessons from 28 cases. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9:438-46. [PubMed 20298967]
35. Steiner I. PML: underdiagnosed in MS patients on natalizumab. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9:564; author reply 564-5. [PubMed 20494319]
36. Tan CS, Koralnik IJ. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other disorders caused by JC virus: clinical features and pathogenesis. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9:425-37. [PubMed 20298966]
More Tysabri resources
- Tysabri Side Effects (in more detail)
- Tysabri Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
- Tysabri Drug Interactions
- Tysabri Support Group
- 24 Reviews for Tysabri - Add your own review/rating
- Tysabri Prescribing Information (FDA)
- Tysabri Consumer Overview
- Tysabri Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information
- Tysabri MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)
- Natalizumab Professional Patient Advice (Wolters Kluwer)
Compare Tysabri with other medications
- Crohn's Disease, Maintenance
- Multiple Sclerosis
No comments:
Post a Comment